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في السماء ومغرور
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"Ci Hai" Yu chapter reads: Dayu cut long off Cairn Tunnel to see the glowing pearl and bright as a candle ... ".
Geoscientists of luminous stone, glowing jewel nature including fluorite, diamonds, pink crystal stone, Iceland spar, zircon, fluorite brightest light-emitting visible within 3-5 meters issued light. These minerals can be issued under sunlight or heat source excitation phosphorescence. There is also a mineral called chiastolite itself is pink hair yellow-green light, fluorescent light, fluorescent stops irradiation resumed pink. This mineral is a variant of andalusite, is one of the high-alumina mineral
According to the type of the light emitting excitation source, emitting can be divided into: light luminescence excited by visible light, infrared light and ultraviolet light; cathodoluminescence excited by the electron beam; radiation emitting, as shown by X-ray, gamma (gamma Ma) ray excitation; thermal luminescence by thermal excitation. In addition, there are electrical luminescence, triboluminescence, chemiluminescence.
Emitting in the mineral is a very common phenomenon. Mineral emitting mechanism put forward a number of different physical model, which is recognized by everyone: mineral light-emitting elements with mineral crystal defects and impurities. Lattice defects called "trap"; impurity elements that can cause mineral light activator. Its labeling methods: such as CaCO3: Mn2 +, said Mn2 + calcite activator.
Calcium carbonate, commonly known as limestone, limestone, stone, marble, calcite, is a compound of chemical formula is CaCO3, alkaline, and is substantially insoluble in water, soluble in acid.
Oxidation in chemically known as oxidation. Oxidation definition: Mn (Manganese) is a chemical element, its chemical symbol is Mn, its atomic number is 25, is a transition metal.
"Oxidation state: a measure of the degree of oxidation of an atom in a chemical substance can be calculated according to the following rules accepted the charge of the atom:
Elemental zero oxidation state;
2 for a single atom ion, is equal to the oxidation state of the atom and the net charge of the ion;
Most compounds, the hydrogen oxidation state +1 the oxygen oxidation state of -2 (exceptions: active metal hydrides, hydrogen oxidation state of -1; peroxide, oxygen oxidation state -1);
4 neutral molecule, the oxidation state of each atom Generation and zero; ions, equal to the charge of each atom in oxidation state Generation and ions. For example, H2S, S8 (elemental sulfur), SO2, SO3 and H2SO4, the oxidation state of the sulfur atoms, respectively: -2, 0, +4, +6 and +6. The higher the oxidation state of an atom, the higher the degree of oxidation; a lower oxidation state of the atoms, the higher the degree of reduction. "
Hydrogen is the atomic number of a chemical element, chemical symbol is H, located in the periodic table. (Acidic, basic or amphoteric
(Depending on the oxidation state))
The first is the traditional definition of: substances and oxygen combine to form the oxide, is the "oxygen" oxidation process; electronic activities in the nuclei of elements found in the chemist that the first definition is no longer fit, on the second and third definitions.
Second definition: chemical oxidation not only refers to elements or compounds combine with oxygen, but refers to the process of the captured electrons between the two elements or compounds (oxidizing agent and reducing agent).
Third oxidation number (this number is the same as between the chemically defined: reducing agent (oxide) and oxidant (restore) chemist conceived to solve the shortcomings of the second definition) lift, decline in the oxidation number of the oxidizing agent (electronic) and a reducing agent, increase in oxidation number (losing electrons), also known as oxidation.
Oxidation, reduction refers to the reactants (molecules, ions or atoms). Oxide, also known as oxidation or oxidation reactions. Organic reactions to the introduction of organic matter oxygen or removal of hydrogen called oxidation; called to restore the introduction of hydrogen or loss of oxygen. Matter and oxygen react slowly slowly heat without light-emitting oxide called slow oxidation, such as metal corrosion, biological respiration. The intense heat and light oxidation called burning.
General material exothermic oxidation with oxygen, the individual may be endothermic reaction such as nitrogen and oxygen. Electrochemical oxidation anode, cathode reduction occurs.
(Stone, light, non-rotating, no future, fixed oxide stone light, stone = mineral, physical gravity, falling energy, the joule can not be saved.) |
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